Breast Milk And Formula On Obesity Essays

Bosom Milk And Formula On Obesity Essays Bosom Milk And Formula On Obesity Paper Bosom Milk And Formula On Obesity Paper Article Topic: East Of Eden Youth stoutness is a medical problem that is of noteworthy worry all through the United States and the remainder of the world. Homer and Simpson (2007) refer to youth heftiness as likely the most dire part of medicinal services that should be tended to in the U.S. populace in both the short and since quite a while ago run and accept that inability to address the issue desperately will additionally compromise the wellbeing and prosperity of residents. Extensive consideration has been paid to this medical problem with respect to strategy producers at both the state and government levels. Anyway regardless of this consideration there has all the earmarks of being next to no as viable techniques that are being set up to handle the issue with any kind of earnestness. This disappointment of successful arrangement measures might be because of a nonattendance of enough exact proof pointing absolutely to the exact reasons for youth heftiness. When such is deficient with regards to it is hard to create strategies that will viably focus on the issue and mirror any improvement in either the long or short run. Lawson (2007) demonstrates that dietary practices have an impact on newborn child development and improvement even while the youngster is still in the belly. The job of early nourishment in putting babies at expanded gambled of creating corpulence has been one of the most firmly analyzed zones. This discussion ordinarily concerns the issues of bosom taking care of and recipe use in the early long periods of a child’s advancement. Scientists have investigated, with changing degrees of achievement the benefits of breastfeeding babies when contrasted with utilizing economically made recipe especially in the soonest long stretches of a child’s advancement. Scientists are not concurred on whether the utilization of baby recipe rather than bosom taking care of puts youngsters in danger for corpulence or whether bosom taking care of is a huge to secure against the advancement of stoutness. Examples of breastfeeding and equation use The examples of breastfeeding overall give a little lucidity with regards to the premise of the bosom took care of versus equation took care of discussion. While it is suggested that moms just give bosom milk to their babies as long as a half year old (Minda, Molnr, Burus Decsi, 2002; WHO, 2003) apparently a lot of early moms are reluctant to breastfeed their infant, as per insights examined by Lawson (2007). Just 76% of children are breastfed during childbirth. This number drops to 46% when the children arrive at about a month and a half and to 21% at a half year. These figures don't mirror that bosom taking care of is done couple with other dietary regimens. Incredibly just 10% of moms feed their children on solely bosom milk in the initial 24 weeks of life. By this age most of moms have just started presenting weaning nourishments or baby recipe. While the facts demonstrate that a few moms can't create enough milk to fulfill healthful needs as the youngster develops, extremely many are dispensing with bosom milk totally from the eating routine of their babies or presenting bosom milk substitutes too soon. Clearly numerous moms are utilizing equations as the essential or selective food hotspot for their newborn children (Lawson, 2007). Wellbeing experts are discovering it progressively hard to urge new moms to bosom feed their infants. Endeavors by means of the media and bosom taking care of projects don't seem, by all accounts, to be exceptionally successful in improving the pace of bosom taking care of in nations all through the world. The United Kingdom is accepted to be one of the most noticeably terrible influenced concerning bosom taking care of. The World Health Organization (2003) uncovers that 31% of UK moms when contrasted with 2% in Sweden try to breastfeed their infant. Different elements appear to be related with reluctance to breastfeed. Age is one of the most appropriate variables with insights uncovering that 40% of moms matured underneath 24 try to breastfeed (Hyman Stanner, 2004). Non-breastfeeding moms frequently refer to reasons, for example, delicacy of areolas and the child declining the bosom as purposes behind not breastfeeding. Furthermore a few moms contend that they are delivering inadequate milk to sufficiently address the issues of the child in this manner by anyplace between multi week and four months an elective food source must be provided. A few moms need to come back to work and in this manner incapable to keep breastfeeding. Financial class is likewise noteworthy in deciding eagerness to breastfeed. Moms in the lower financial classes have been demonstrated to be less able to bosom feed. Ethnicity additionally assumes a job as ethnic minorities are bound to breastfeed than whites (Hyman Stanner, 2004). Correlation of newborn child equation and bosom milk Researchers have brought up that the healthful and vitality piece of bosom milk fluctuates extensively from that of newborn child recipe. Researchers have shown that the human bosom milk is the most fitting eating routine for babies as it contains, in sufficient amounts, the supplements required by the child (Hosoi et al., 2005; Lawson, 2007). Despite the fact that newborn child equations are protected substitutes to bosom milk they are as yet not ideal for babies. Lawson (2007) brings up that unmodified milk from different warm blooded creatures isn't reasonable for newborn children during the main year of life. Bosom milk is an extremely intricate organic liquid and Lawson (2007) calls attention to that it contains well more than 300 parts. It has for quite some time been built up that, with all the innovative efficiencies accessible to man, it is exceptionally troublesome and for all intents and purposes difficult to reproduce in infant recipe all the substance of human bosom milk. One significant distinction between human bosom milk and baby recipes is in their unsaturated fat substance. Minda et al. (2002) demonstrates that bosom milk contains all the fundamental unsaturated fats, linoleic, a-linolenic, long-chain polyunsaturated unsaturated fats, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. The significance of fat in the eating routine of creating babies can't be exaggerated. Babies up to age one acquire as much as half of their vitality prerequisites from the fat present in milk. Fats serve an assortment of capacities in the new conceived framework notwithstanding giving vitality. The newborn child body can't deliver unsaturated fats and different lipids in adequate adds up to meet their formative needs. Fats in this way help to gracefully these acids and lipids just as nutrients A, D, E and K. Human bosom milk contains these fundamental unsaturated fats yet these are just present in restricted sums in equations. Long chain unsaturated fats particularly are additionally basic for powerful improvement mind layers and the sensory system with the goal that newborn child recipes which don't enough copy the measure of long chain unsaturated fats present in human bosom milk may create lacks in their sensory tissue (Lawson, 2007). The vitality prerequisites acquired from fats should diminish between ages three and five. Human bosom milk is dynamic in that it changes its piece as the youngster creates, differing the extent of supplements it contains so that with proceeded with lactation the fat substance of bosom milk diminishes. Baby equations don't have this trademark and along these lines babies benefited from recipe may will in general be taken care of an over the top specific supplement at basic focuses during their turn of events (Lawson, 2007). Recipe took care of babies have been appeared to have higher vitality content than those benefited from bosom milk which may disclose the propensity to put on more weight. The hormonal substance of bosom milk and newborn child equation likewise change. Human bosom milk has an assortment of hormones which sway decidedly the development, advancement and digestion of the infant. Newborn child equations, in any case, can't replicate these organic hormones (Lawson, 2007).

Education for All Essay

Advanced education has deserted the picture of an American school populace including overwhelmingly youngsters and ladies from princely, very much associated families. Being an undergrad myself at age 50, I notice the decent variety in understudy socioeconomics. School speaks to a fresh start for the individuals who have been influenced by the ongoing affordable changes everywhere throughout the nation yet for the most part in California. The perceivability of nontraditional understudies acquiring a degree while raising families is ordinary. The accessibility of budgetary guide, grants, and government credit programs has opened university entryways for understudies of all salary levels and social foundations. I had numerous reservations concerning entering the training field such a large number of years subsequent to graduating secondary school. I had worries that I would not have the option to breeze through a selection test. In the article â€Å"College Entrance Examination Board† in the Encyclopedia of Education, Second Edition, The College Examination Board is the body that makes the broadly perceived school selection test alluded to as the Scholastic Assessment Test or SAT which is taken by one million understudies every year and is required for confirmation by numerous multi year schools and colleges (372). As indicated by the â€Å"Assessment Requirements† article on the site, California Colleges, most California Community Colleges require an arrangement evaluation test to precisely put understudies in proper classes dependent on each individual’s level of capacity. In the wake of taking the situation test for Mt San Jacinto Community College, I was stunned at the straightforwardness of the test itself. In any case, my perusing and appreciation is still school level and obvious to me since I have been out of school since 1979, the test demonstrated that I would require some medicinal math and language structure. Since turning into an understudy in a California school I have gotten mindful of a few things. As per the Postsecondary Education Commissions article â€Å"Admission and residency requirements† on the site California Postsecondary Education Commission, by law all California Community Colleges are required to concede any California occupant who moved on from secondary school. Moreover, junior colleges may concede people who have not graduated yet are more than 18 years of age and can profit by the guidance advertised. The Commission article further states California Community Colleges serve 1. million understudies each year and a California inhabitant may go to any junior college grounds in the state. As per article â€Å"California High School Exit Examination,† on the site California Department of Education, in California all secondary school understudies must breeze through an assessment to acquire a secondary school certificate, the test itself is known as the CAHSEE. I further explored this test, and found another article alluding to the CAHSEE called â€Å"Help with the California High School Exit Exam† on the site San Diego County Office of Education. In which the San Diego County Office of Education sketched out the parts of the CAHSEE test. I was completely stunned. The test covers the educational program of the courses I was set in the wake of taking the arrangement test at Mt San Jacinto Community College. I comprehend the position of somebody who has been out of school for more than 30 years, however what I totally don't comprehend are the measure of understudies in indistinguishable classes from I am who are recently out of secondary school. Something is certainly off-base. I have found that California Community Colleges are the mixture for understudies that didn’t make it in secondary school and now are occupying room in the biggest training framework in the state. Indeed, with the spending cuts in the State of California influencing class accessibility in the junior colleges, acquiring the essential classes for each student’s instructive objective is testing. I got an email from Enrollment Services at Mt. San Jacinto Community College, titled â€Å"Policy Changes Effective Summer 2012,† its substance upset me. Fundamentally, it is constraining the occasions every understudy can take a class to get a passing evaluation. That implies that the understudy can take up to three semesters and get budgetary guide, occupy work area room, attempting to get through a class that before this change, the class could be taken multiple occasions to accomplish a passing evaluation. This strategy was received by the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges to â€Å"ensure that however many understudies as could be expected under the circumstances are given the chance to get to a postsecondary education†. There is a hole between leaving secondary school and entering junior college. There are Adult Education Centers in each network and these schools ought to be used for those understudies who don’t have school level perusing appreciation aptitudes. There ought to be a referral source and a retesting game plan for understudies that can't peruse. This has been the most baffling component of coming back to school. The understudies that for reasons unknown didn't complete secondary school and don't have sufficient perusing cognizance aptitudes ought not occupy room in the advanced education field. A scaffold should be made to help these people to coordinate them into school. The appraisal situation test places understudies underneath tenth grade perusing and understanding capacities in healing courses. Junior colleges are giving classes that are not school level, which removes study hall accessibility for understudies moving towards a degree, or authentication program. Class accessibility is a twofold issue, the quantity of understudy attempting to try out school that don’t have the school level aptitudes and the understudies trying out school attempting to acquire their college classes to move to a multi year school or college. The therapeutic classes I returned my first semester to school didn't check towards my school units required for a degree. Nonetheless, it was hard to enlist for these classes because of the rare accessibility and the quantity of understudies attempting to enlist for these equivalent courses. There is a colossal advantage to the understudy taking these classes. In addition to the fact that it improves understanding cognizance and math abilities, however it trains note taking and supports better investigation propensities. Eventually these two things are incredibly imperative to being fruitful in school. Utilizing the network Adult Education Centers for Basic English, math or English as a Second language is a piece of the arrangement. The following is change the junior college entrance â€Å"Accuplacer Test† to an increasingly refined â€Å"Entrance Exam† equipped towards school level capacity. In addition to the fact that this would make more study halls accessible at the junior college level however expanded class accessibility for the sort of classes meeting the particular needs of the understudy. In the article by David Olson â€Å"Education is key subject of Riverside White House summit† from The Press-Enterprise, the rate breakdown of people with a bachelor’s qualification is 13 percent Hispanic, 31 percent white and 50 percent are Asians (A1+). Olsen further expresses that about a large portion of the Inland area’s inhabitants and 60 percent of its younger students are Hispanic and linger a long ways behind their cohorts in instructive accomplishment (A1+). This is extraordinarily ascribed to the language obstruction. English as a subsequent language doesn't convey higher education units. I accept that understudies who need this sort of guidance could get it similarly also in an Adult Education setting. As indicated by the article by Joanna Lin, â€Å"Expanding access to education,† in The Press-Enterprise, the Riverside Unified School District, presented a state wide polling form activity that would give understudies unhindered access to freely supported courses (A1+). This activity would not confine the entrance to the courses by Zip code. The courses are known as the A-G prerequisites, required by California State University and University of California for confirmation. Approaching these college classes through the Riverside Virtual School is another answer for the congestion at junior colleges. Lin further expresses that entrance to these courses could be through the student’s secondary school or through any freely financed school. The sort of classes could be on the web, homeroom based or a mixed model of both (A1+). As per the article â€Å"Budget Cuts Affect California Community Colleges† on the site Purpose of Education, a state spending cut is influencing in excess of 21,000 understudies in California. Understudies that would have tried out a California State College are currently looking for college classes at the junior college level. Because of the congestion in the junior colleges this understudy populace is making some troublesome memories getting to their classes. As per Lin’s article in The Press-Enterprise, the Riverside Virtual School would help with making college classes accessible. Lin further expresses this activity approaches the State of California to change its school financing to subsidizing dependent on courses finished instead of on normal participation permitting numerous establishments to part subsidizing for a similar understudy (A+). It is my conviction that in attempting to help understudies whose instructive capacity is not exactly the models important to make progress in junior college, the Department of Education is preventing the bore from securing understudies who can accomplish a degree and offer back to society in the design that underpins advanced education. Using Adult Schools is an answer for this issue. Each individual has an option to instruction; California law with respect to one side to everybody more than 18 years old can join up with a junior college and get training is a proactive and positive commitment to the advancement of society all in all. My contention exists in the parameters of the appraisal proce

The Link Between GERD and Anxiety Disorder

The Link Between GERD and Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Related Conditions Print Links Between GERD and Anxiety By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on May 16, 2019 BSIP/UIG / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Related Conditions Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Many people believe that  heartburn  is related to anxiety. While you wont see anxiety listed as a usual risk factor for acid reflux, research published in 2018 shows that a connection exists, although the precise reason why is unknown.?? What Is GERD? Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or acid reflux disease, occurs when acid from the stomach refluxes into the esophagus causing symptoms like heartburn, trouble swallowing, or a burning taste in your throat. While anyone may have an occasional bout of heartburn, if you have frequent heartburn it may be diagnosed as GERD. Getting diagnosed is important because GERD can be treated by lifestyle modifications, over-the-counter medications, and prescription drugs. If untreated, GERD may lead to complications like a  chronic cough, erosive esophagitis, and even esophageal cancer.?? Causes of GERD The structural cause of heartburn symptoms and GERD lies where your esophagus meets your stomach. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a ring of muscle that closes the stomach off from the esophagus when you are not eating. When you eat, this muscle relaxes, allowing food to pass smoothly from the esophagus to the stomach. The LES then closes again so that food in the stomach will not back up into the esophagus. When the LES does not function properly, GERD may develop when stomach acid refluxes into the esophagus. The stomach acid irritates the lining of the esophagus and leads to the burning sensation known as heartburn. Typical causes of GERD include increased abdominal pressure (due to obesity or pregnancy), certain medications, smoking, and hiatal hernia. Heartburn may be triggered by overeating, eating too close to bedtime, drinking alcohol, or eating greasy or spicy foods.?? Studies Showing a Link Between Anxiety and GERD While anxiety is not listed as a cause of GERD, research published in 2013 showed the incidence of anxiety in  women with GERD is higher than for those in the general population. Also, people with both GERD and anxiety may have more frequent symptoms and more severe symptoms, leading to a reduced quality of life.?? Anxiety may play a role in the development of GERD and in worsening of symptoms, although researchers arent entirely clear how. Some experts believe that a brain chemical  cholecystokinin  (CCK), which has been linked to panic and gastrointestinal disorders, may play a role in the prevalence of GERD in people with  anxiety disorders. There are theories that anxiety can slow digestion, increase stomach acid, or result in increased muscle tension that can put pressure on the stomach.?? Another possibility or contributing factor may be that when people are anxious they tend to engage in behaviors that may trigger or worsen acid reflux, like smoking, drinking alcohol, or eating fatty or fried foods. These can be soothing behaviors that can then lead to the pain and discomfort of heartburn. The reverse may also be true as your GERD symptoms, such as chest pain and trouble swallowing, can be worrisome and increase your anxiety or trigger a panic attack.?? Its important to remember that a link does not imply causation. These studies are not suggesting that anxiety directly causes GERD or vice versa. Rather, a complex relationship has been found between the two health conditions. A Word From Verywell The big picture here is that if you suspect you have anxiety or GERD or both, be sure to see your healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. The good news is that both can be effectively treated.

The Real Lincoln A New Look At Abraham Lincoln - 1868 Words

The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War is written by Thomas J. DiLorenzo. He is the professor of economics at Loyola University Maryland and a member of the senior faculty of the Mises Institute. He has received the George F. Koether Free Market Writing Award and his works have been published in the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. He has written another book titled Hamilton s Curse: How Jefferson’s Archenemy Betrayed the American Revolution — and What It Means for Americans Today. As Dilorenzo states in the first chapter of The Real Lincoln, his purpose of writing it was to help his readers to come to realize that Abraham Lincoln was not a â€Å"Great Emancipator† as many people know him to be. DiLorenzo says that â€Å"[Lincoln] was almost single-mindedly devoted to an economic agenda that Henry Clay labeled â€Å"the American System† (2). The first chapter of The Real Lincoln acts as an introduction in which DiLorenzo introduces questions that he answers in later chapters along with brief descriptions of the content each chapter contains. His first chapter is arranged chronologically based on the order they appear in the book. However, only the first chapter is arranged in this way. The rest of them are arranged thematically. The second chapter of DiLorenzo’s The Real Lincoln is titled â€Å"Lincoln’s Opposition to Racial Equality† (10). In this chapter, DiLorenzo addresses the common belief that Lincoln believed in racial equality. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Real Lincoln : A New Look At Abraham Lincoln1756 Words   |  8 PagesIn Thomas DiLorenzo’s controversial book, The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War, a new light is shed upon the historic President Lincoln. It challenges ideas and beliefs that students are taught in grade school, and incorporates a new way of thinking. Above all, this book provides insight into the real life of Lincoln, and remains controversial due to its impeding and harsh criticisms. DiLorenzo, an economic historian, is often questioned about his ethicsRead MoreThe Real Lincoln : A New Look At Abraham Lincoln1757 Words   |  8 PagesIn Thomas Dilorenzo’s controversial book, The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War, a new light is shed upon the historic President Lincoln. It challenges ideas and beliefs that students are taught in grade school, and incorporates a new way of thinking. Above all, this book provides insight into the real life of Lincoln, and remains controversial due to its impeding and harsh criticisms. 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Dilorenzo is the author of the book The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War. Dr. Dilorenzo is an economics professor at the Sellinge School of Business and management, where he published over eleven books. His focus is mostly on economic history and political economics. It became evident to Thomas that the teachingsRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Boyhood Home From The Age Of 71682 Words   |  7 Pages Indiana, Abraham Lincoln’s boyhood home from the age of 7 to 21, has memorialized our 16th president with two statues in its capital city of Indianapolis. Both statues were controversial from the beginning whether because of the amount of money it would take to pay for them or their placement. The first statue was erected in 1934 and simply entitled Abraham Lincoln. This statue was funded by a trust fund established by Henry C. 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A Summary Of The US Monetary Policy Peering Into 2018

US Monetary Policy: Peering Into 2018 The fast approaching US Christmas shopping season is always a convenient juncture to review the baseline outlook for the economy and, therefore, monetary policy over the next year. Meanwhile, Congress appears to be busy formulating tax reform proposals that will ultimately be resolved by a Conference Compromise Agreement. President Trump appears keen to get tax reform passed by the end of 2017. Consequently, incoming Fed Chairman Powell may be forced to forge an appropriate monetary offset in 2018. US economic activity accelerated during 2017, partly due to a recovery in oil prices that helped to spur higher capital spending. Crucially, faster underlying growth has pushed the economy into above-trend†¦show more content†¦Should the economy fail to decelerate as supply constraints continue to mount, then ensuing rate rises will become front-end loaded than currently expected in financial markets. Fed Policy: Limited Recent Experience of Life at Full Employment Arguably, we are entering an environment where most policymakers and commentators have limited experience of an economy operating at full employment for a protracted period. Despite its critics, the Phillips Curve remains an integral part of the Fed’s econometric model of the US model. The decline in inflation, notably since 1995, has contributed to an increased incidence of flattening in the curve. Moreover, the compressing of the curve has persuaded some commentators to claim that the Phillips Curve has effectively been rendered useless as a policy guide. Their contention is that supply constraints in the labour market, as testified by low unemployment, no longer need to be heeded. The last time the US economy endured a protracted period of growth whilst at full employment was during the late-1960s. Unemployment dipped below 4% in February 1966 and remained in this territory for four years. Although the economy continued to expand, inflation accelerated from 1.9% to 6.2% at the end of 1969. Thus, the combination of full employment and continued economic growth eventually produced higher inflation, something which the FOMC was slow to respond to with

The Georgia State School Board Of Education - 906 Words

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With the increase use o f technology, my review is written to determine if pre-recordings readings are more effective than teacher-led read aloud in improving comprehension skills of students with disabilities. Helping Children with Learning Disabilities Understand What They Read is an article by Regina G. Richards. Her article discusses the basic strategies and techniques that can be used for students with learning disabilities. The article states, a key component of comprehension is that the student must be activelyShow MoreRelatedThe State Of Georgias Requirements For Obtaining Licensure1631 Words   |  7 PagesIn the State of Georgia’s requirements for obtaining licensure include first and foremost, for the person to be a graduate of a Commission of Accreditation in Physical Therapy (CAPTE) accredited school and provide an official transcript including the graduation date from the institute granting the physical therapy degree (Georgia State Board of Physical Therapy, 2015). 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The school district includes 56 schools that serves 32, 426 students grades Pre-K through 12. There are 33 Elementary schools, 9 Middle schools, 8 Comprehensive high schools, 4 Magnet schools, 1 Special school and 1 Charter school. The student demographics of Richmond County Public Schools are: 70% African Americans, 22% White, 4% HispanicRead MoreUpson County Georgia: Healthy People Analysis1152 Words   |  5 PagesBackground Upson County, Georgia, is the focus of our Healthy People Analysis. It is primarily White and African Amerian with high-home ownership but low valued homes, lower income than most of the state, and over 20% of the population living below the poverty line. Most of the current economic activity comes from tourism, since the manufacturing base left the area over the last two decades. The county shares some of the major health concerns of poorer communities across the nation: high obesity

Cloud Architecture Patterns Convention †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Architecture Patterns Convention. Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is a process of storing and managing data and information over internet. Cloud storage makes use of a network of remote servers hosted on internet to store and process data. Webbs Stores has embarked on integrating their daily operations by implementing cloud storage in order to reduce the operational complexity. The report discusses the different cloud computing approach and different cloud architectures in use. The report draws a comparison between Azure and AWS to decide which one is better to implement (Patidar, Rane Jain, 2012). The advantages and the disadvantages of SaaS is discussed along with the comparison of IaaS and PaaS approach. The report concludes with the recommended approach that webbs store can undertake. Webbs stores can make use of cloud storage to store, integrate and access their data and resources. This will considerably help in integrating the their operation from both the data centres. These service providers focus on excellent data services and ensure proper security of data stored into the system. AWS service provided by Amazon can simplify the operations of the Webbs store by providing remote computing services and access to the resources. SaaS provides a number of benefits in managing the IT infrastructure of a company. Moreover, the service provider keeps a check of the updates and the client does not have to worry or pay extra for installing the updates. Disadvantages of using Saas The disadvantages of SaaS further includes the performance degradation due to slower speed and lack of control as only the latest version of the software can be used. Moreover, SaaS offers a very limited range of application. With the help of Microsoft office 365, real time sharing and monitoring of information becomes possible. This will be of a great help to the webbs store. The major disadvantage of this software is that, it depends of the network for its performance and the performance can be hampered with a slower internet connection. Infrastructure as a service or IaaS is a service model for delivering computer infrastructure in an outsourced basis for supporting the operations of enterprises. IaaS is a service provider that works with providing virtual computer services over internet. In this approach, the service provided of the cloud computing hosts hardware, storage and server components on behalf of the user (Manvi Shyam, 2014). Migration of database into cloud with the help of IaaS approach offers numerous business advantages to the organizations. It is one of the basic layers of cloud computing and provides virtualized computing resources over internet. Iaas approach enables the transfer of data in an unchanged manner from the webbs store s traditional database to the cloud database. This implies no modification of data is required for the migration and this is an advantage of Iaas Approach. Iaas moreover, provides a secure platform of data storage and therefore it is a highly recommended approach (Kavis, 2014). PaaS or Platform as a service is a category of cloud computing that allows the developers to build application and services over the virtual world or internet. The major advantage of cloud is that, user can access their data simply with the help of a web browser. Customized application can be developed using the PaaS approach. User has the control over the cloud infrastructure. The customer created application can be created using programming languages, libraries and services (Xu, 2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of each approach The advantages and disadvantages of IaaS and PaaS are elaborated in the following table. IaaS Approach PaaS approach Advantages 1) Customer can control and automate their own VM 2) enterprise integration feature simplifies the integration of operations 3)The approach is secure 4) low maintenance cost (Sadiku, Musa Momoh, 2014) 1) low cost in comparison to IaaS 2) Users have full control over the software 3) Improved integration support 4) VM needs minimal management. Disadvantages 1) Expensive as the initial cost is very high (Dinh et al., 2013) 2) Customers are responsible for backups 3) Customers has no control over the server (Obrutsky, 2016) 1) User has no control over platform depending on the cloud provider. 2) The management of cloud is time consuming 3) less cost effective than SaaS (Singh et al., 2016). Approach recommended The recommended approach for Webbs stores is definitely IaaS. This is because with the help of IaaS approach, the data migration can be done more efficiently. Moreover, the IaaS architecture is user friendly and offers numerous benefits. The scalability feature is one of them. Although the installation cost is high, the long time benefit is much more in case of IaaS and therefore, this feature is recommended. Moreover, it allows multiple users to access same data, which is needed in case of Webbs stores. This approach will definitely help in improving the business. IaaS is an effective choice with no upfront investment and maintenance as it offers pay as you go service, which implies the customer has to pay only if they use the services. The price is calculated on basis of the units consumed and therefore, it is coast effective as well. IaaS can be accessed from anywhere and therefore will be more beneficial for Webbs. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that it is a wise decision taken by the webbs store to migrate its data to cloud server for integrating their operations. The cloud architecture recommended to the Webbs store is AWS architecture as it is the most cost efficient architecture and provides numerous advantages. Data migration is an important aspect of cloud implementation and therefore it needs proper attention. Different approaches are available for data migration and accordingly, IaaS approach is considered to be the most effective one. This is because the process of data migration is very simple and easy in case of IaaS approach and therefore it is recommended. References Alzahrani, A., Alalwan, N., Sarrab, M. (2014, April). Mobile cloud computing: advantage, disadvantage and open challenge. InProceedings of the 7th Euro American Conference on Telematics and Information Systems(p. 21). ACM. Banikazemi, M., Olshefski, D., Shaikh, A., Tracey, J., Wang, G. (2013). Meridian: an SDN platform for cloud network services.IEEE Communications Magazine,51(2), 120-127. Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., Wang, P. (2013). A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), 1587-1611. Duan, J., Faker, P., Fesak, A., Stuart, T. (2013). Benefits and drawbacks of cloud-based versus traditional ERP systems.Proceedings of the 2012-13 course on Advanced Resource Planning. Gibson, J., Rondeau, R., Eveleigh, D., Tan, Q. (2012, November). Benefits and challenges of three cloud computing service models. InComputational Aspects of Social Networks (CASoN), 2012 Fourth International Conference on(pp. 198-205). IEEE. Jadeja, Y., Modi, K. (2012, March). Cloud computing-concepts, architecture and challenges. InComputing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 877-880). IEEE. Kavis, M. J. (2014).Architecting the cloud: design decisions for cloud computing service models (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS). John Wiley Sons. Kumar, K. K. M. (2014). Software as a service for efficient cloud computing.environment,7, 10. Manvi, S. S., Shyam, G. K. (2014). Resource management for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) in cloud computing: A survey.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,41, 424-440. Moreno-Vozmediano, R., Montero, R. S., Llorente, I. M. (2012). Iaas cloud architecture: From virtualized datacenters to federated cloud infrastructures.Computer,45(12), 65-72. Obrutsky, S. (2016). Cloud Storage: Advantages, Disadvantages and Enterprise Solutions for Business. Patidar, S., Rane, D., Jain, P. (2012, January). A survey paper on cloud computing. InAdvanced Computing Communication Technologies (ACCT), 2012 Second International Conference on(pp. 394-398). IEEE Sadiku, M. N., Musa, S. M., Momoh, O. D. (2014). Cloud computing: opportunities and challenges.IEEE potentials,33(1), 34-36. Skendzic, A., Kovacic, B. (2012, May). Microsoft office 365-cloud in business environment. InMIPRO, 2012 Proceedings of the 35th International Convention(pp. 1434-1439). IEEE. Wilder, B. (2012).Cloud architecture patterns: using microsoft azure. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Wilson, K. (2014). Microsoft office 365. InUsing Office 365(pp. 1-14). Apress. Xu, X. (2012). From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing.Robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing,28(1), 75-86.

Explore the way Wilfred Owen and Sebastian Faulks present the physical and mental suffering of soldiers in the First World War Essay Example

Explore the way Wilfred Owen and Sebastian Faulks present the physical and mental suffering of soldiers in the First World War Essay Both Sebastian Faulks in his novel Birdsong and Wilfred Owen present suffering in soldiers fighting in the First World War in both physical and psychological ways. They present the discomforts that came from everyday living conditions in the trenches, they both present the serious physical injuries produced by the war and the haunting effect this has on them in the short and long term. Both writers present these things in a vivid and poignant style. The living conditions in the trenches were extremely poor, wet weather led to men living in deep mud and contracting trench foot. The soldiers in the trenches would have had to live with constant shellfire; this could result in shell shock where the untiring bombardment had worn away their nerves to the point of insanity. We can see an example of this in Birdsong when Faulks is talking about the spasmodic explosion of shells. We can see from the use of language here that Faulks relates to the shelling as insanity. As if the spasmodic explosions are not only the explosions but also fits of the men themselves. Owen also talks about the effects of shelling in his poetry. We can see an example of this in Dulce Et Decorum Est when Owen talks about an attack; stating; Deaf even to the hoots, of gas-shells dropping softly behind We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the way Wilfred Owen and Sebastian Faulks present the physical and mental suffering of soldiers in the First World War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the way Wilfred Owen and Sebastian Faulks present the physical and mental suffering of soldiers in the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the way Wilfred Owen and Sebastian Faulks present the physical and mental suffering of soldiers in the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Owens use of the word deaf brings a sense of irony to his writing. It shows that the incessant shelling has destroyed them emotionally and physically as if there exposure to war has dulled their senses. Both writers present fatigue in their works. The character Jack Firebrace is marching: Twice he jerked awake, realizing he had been walking in his sleep. Wilfred Owen presents a very similar incident in the poem Dulcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ et decorum est: Men marched asleep All went lame, all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf. It appears that the exhausting life they lead has dulled their usual senses to the extent of seeming intoxication. This is shown again in Birdsong with a description of the character Wrayford: His movements had a dreamlike quality, as though the air about him were very thick and had to be pushed slowly back. Faulks also presents the unclean lifestyle they were living; He thought of the stench of his clothes and the immovable lice among the seams. Wilfred Owen also comments on the environment theyre in: frost will fasten on this mud and us, shrivelling many hands, puckering foreheads crisp (from the poem Exposure). Faulks and Owen present serious physical harm in a particularly graphic way, presumably to inform the reader of the severity of the situation the soldiers were in. They both write about victims of gas attack, they write about their injuries in detail. The effect of the gas seems to be that of burning or quickly dissolving the flesh that comes into contact with it. In Dulcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ et decorum est; And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, his hanging face like a devils sick of sin blood came gargling from the froth corrupted lungs. Whereas Owen uses a simile to describe the extent of injury sustained, Faulks uses a straightforward comparison; he is clinical in his descriptions. Faulks writes about gas victims in a French hospital; when they unplugged his dressings, fluid leapt from his flesh His body was decomposing as he lay there, like those who hung on the wire going from red to black before they crumbled into earth leaving septic spores. They seem to want to sicken the rea der into realisation and its very effective. Sebastian Faulks produces some of the most disturbing physical situations imaginable; Brennan anxiously stripping a torso with no head. He clasped it with both hands, dragged legless up from the crater, his fingers vanishing into buttered green flesh. It was his brother. Faulks often writes about physical injuries sustained with such an obvious style but apart from in Dulcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ et decorum est Owen tends not to. This could be because Owen had actually seen such horrific scenes and had become less sensitive to them. The physical destruction may have become less significant and so he did not include it in his poems. Or perhaps he repressed gory memories and subconsciously avoided writing about them. Owen also writes of long-term injuries being sustained but is generally much less graphic and makes the same point in a subtler way. In the poem Disabled Owen describes how a soldier has been so seriously injured that he shall never regain good health: Hes lost his colour very far from here, poured it down shell-holes till the veins ran dry. If Faulks wished to convey the intensity of an injury sustained hed be more likely to write he thought of the hole in Douglass shoulder where he had pressed his hand through almost to the lung. Owen seems to be a more creative and subtle writer whereas Faulks seems more obvious and graphic. This might come about merely because Faulks is writing a novel and Owen poetry. Owen might have to be more creative to convey the same meaning in fewer words. Poetry being a condensed emotional form of language. He uses metaphors and similes to help us understand without explaining every detail. However Faulks does not have to be as creative and isnt as he wrote a five hundred and three page novel. To live under the extreme circumstances that the soldiers do both writers explain that the soldiers build up psychological defences. The ability is grown to numb their emotions and adapt so as to be able to cope with seeing the death of men everyday, some of which were friends. Faulks explains how the process might happen using his character Stephen Wrayford as an example he watched the machine gunners pouring bullets into the lines of advancing Germans as though there was no longer any value accorded to a more human life He grew used to the sight and smell of torn human flesh. Owen describes much the same thing himself, though once again without the need of graphic descriptions; Dullness best solves the tease and doubt of shelling Their hearts remain small-drawn. Can laugh among the dying concerned. Nor sad, nor proud, nor curious at all By choice they made themselves immune. (from the poem Insensibility). Faulks wrote a prime example of this insensibility: A boy lay without legs wh ere the men took their tea from the cooker. They stepped over him. If the soldiers do not build up some emotional defence mechanism then Faulks and Owen show that the soldiers cannot handle stress and it leads to emotional breakdowns. Owen tried to describe what this breakdown/madness is in The Chances; wounded, killed and prisner, all the lot, the bloody lot all rolled in one. Jims mad. I think he means that to be insane is like being wounded and to be a prisoner of your own mind. They both explain how the haunting scenes send men this way from Birdsong; There was an arm with corporals stripes on it near his feet, but most of the mens bodies had been blown into the moist earth. Owen also reports of the haunting scenes hes seen in Dulcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ et decorum est; In all my dreams before my helpless sight. He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. Also in the Sentry: Always they must see these things; Batter of guns and shatter of flying muscles. Faulks presents one of his characters being haunted. As the character is so tormented his mental state is obviously seriously affected. He spends two years in silence; His life became grey and thin, like a light that at any moment be extinguished; it was filled with quietness. Both writers describe the insanity caused by life at the front line. They describe the disorientated and debilitating symptoms. From the poem Mental Cases: Who are these? Why sit here in twilight? Wherefore rock they drooping tongues from jaws that slobthese are men whos minds the dead have ravished. Faulks also shows the results of these breakdowns in the long term with the character Brennan: Brennan began to talk again, looping from one random recollection to another they put him in the loony bin. They bring me this tea. My brothers good to me though. You should have seen the fireworks'. This being an example of the insane ramblings produced. Faulks presentation of death is obviously far less sensitive than Owenss. The deaths presented in Birdsong appear quick and meaningless whereas Owen shows the opposite, being far romantic and sentimental. Captain Weir is one of the main characters in the novel. We learn of his relationship with his parents, hi sex life, his superstitiousness and his friendship with character Stephen Wrayford. We become intimately acquainted with him. However, his death is presented suddenly and completely without compassion; A snipers bullet entered his head above the eye causing trails of his brain to loop out onto the sandbags of the parados behind him Owen presents death romantically trying to provoke sympathetic feelings. Move him into the sun-, gently its touch awoke him once, At home, whispering of fields unsown(Futility). Owens language coveys a sense of emotional turmoil. By his use of words like gentle he emphasises his emotional sympathy for this mans death, making the body have a sense of fragility. Owen refers to home to heighten the emotional significance and sadness in order to convey the significance of his death. In conclusion, it is my opinion that Wilfred Owen and Sebastian Faulks write quite differently about the suffering of soldiers in the First World War. Owen seems to write more poetically and spiritually. This could be because he knew the people who dyed or were mutilated and so was more sensitive around the subject. Also he was writing poetry so he would have had to convey more sentiment or information in a smaller amount of text. Owen could have been more sentimental because of the closed-off position he was in. Whereas Faulks wrote retrospectively, knowing what happened throughout the war. He wrote more objectively and less personally. Faulks could not relate in the same way and so tends to write more obviously and graphically.

The Busiest Subway and Metro Systems in the World

The Busiest Subway and Metro Systems in the World Subways, also known as metros or the Underground, are an easy and economical form of rapid transit in approximately 160 world cities. After paying their fares and consulting their subway maps, residents and visitors to the city can quickly travel to their home, hotel, work, or school. Travelers can get to government administration buildings, businesses, financial institutions, medical facilities, or religious worship centers. People can also travel to the airport, restaurants, sporting events, shopping venues, museums, and parks. Local governments closely monitor the subway systems to ensure their safety, security, and cleanliness. Some subways are extremely busy and crowded, especially during commuting hours. Here is a list of the fifteen busiest subway systems in the world and some of the destinations that the passengers might be traveling to. It is ranked in order of total annual passenger rides. The Worlds Busiest Subway Systems 1. Tokyo, Japan Metro – 3.16 billion annual passenger rides Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is the world’s most populated metropolitan area and home to the world’s busiest metro system, with approximately 8.7 million daily riders. This metro opened in 1927. Passengers may travel to the many financial institutions or Shinto temples of Tokyo. 2.Moscow, Russia Metro – 2.4 billion annual passenger rides Moscow is the capital of Russia, and about 6.6 million people daily ride beneath Moscow. Passengers may be trying to reach Red Square, the Kremlin, St. Basil’s Cathedral, or the Bolshoi Ballet. Moscow metro stations are very beautifully decorated, representing Russian architecture and art. 3. Seoul, South Korea Metro – 2.04 billion annual passenger rides The metro system in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, opened in 1974, and 5.6 million daily riders can visit financial institutions and the many palaces of Seoul. 4. Shanghai, China Metro – 2 billion annual passenger rides Shanghai, the largest city in China, has a subway system with 7 million daily riders. The metro in this port city opened in 1995. 5. Beijing, China Metro – 1.84 billion annual passenger rides Beijing, the capital of China, opened its subway system in 1971. About 6.4 million people daily ride this metro system, which was expanded for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. Residents and visitors can travel to the Beijing Zoo, Tiananmen Square, or the Forbidden City. 6. New York City Subway, USA – 1.6 billion annual passenger rides The subway system in New York City is the busiest in the Americas. Opened in 1904, there are now 468 stations, the most of any system in the world. About five million people daily travel to Wall Street, the United Nations headquarters, Times Square, Central Park, the Empire State Building, the Statue of Liberty, or theater shows on Broadway. The MTA New York City Subway map is incredibly detailed and complex. 7. Paris, France Metro – 1.5 billion annual passenger rides The word â€Å"metro† comes from the French word â€Å"metropolitan.† Opened in 1900, about 4.5 million people daily travel beneath Paris to reach the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, Notre Dame Cathedral, or the Arc de Triomphe. 8. Mexico City, Mexico Metro – 1.4 billion annual passenger rides About five million people daily ride the Mexico City metro, which opened in 1969 and displays Mayan, Aztec, and Olmec archaeological artifacts in some of its stations. 9. Hong Kong, China Metro – 1.32 billion annual passenger rides Hong Kong, an important global financial center, opened a subway system in 1979. About 3.7 million people ride daily. 10. Guangzhou, China Metro – 1.18 billion Guangzhou is the third largest city in China and has a metro system which opened in 1997. This important trade and commercial center is an important port in Southern China. 11. London, England Underground – 1.065 billion annual passenger rides London, United Kingdom opened the world’s first metro system in 1863. Known as the â€Å"Underground,† or â€Å"The Tube,† about three million people daily are told to â€Å"mind the gap.† Some stations were used as shelters during the air raids of World War II. Popular sights in London along the Underground include the British Museum, Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London, the Globe Theater, Big Ben, and Trafalgar Square. Other Busy Subway Systems The metro in Delhi, India is the busiest metro in India. The busiest metro in Canada is in Toronto. The second busiest metro in the United States is in Washington, DC, America’s capital. Subways: Convenient, Efficient, Beneficial A busy subway system is very beneficial to the residents and visitors in many world cities. They can quickly and easily navigate their city for business, pleasure, or practical reasons. The government uses the revenues raised by fares to further improve the city’s infrastructure, safety, and administration. Additional cities around the world are constructing subway systems, and the ranking of the world’s busiest subways will likely change over time.

Online community management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Online community management - Research Paper Example If I were in its managerial position, I would have placed the loyalty of customers and credibility of the firm far above fear of negative publicity. I would have come out clean and let the customers hear from me directly the current crises facing our company and ask for ideas as to how to solve our problem. While considering the advice of the firm’s lawyers, security experts and banks, I would have still placed my shareholders firsthand in any decision making process that I would be involved in. wrong advice from external sources has often led businesses to their ruins. A good leader knows when to follow their instinct and to trust that what they are doing is the right thing. Target tried to calm its customers by giving false assurances to which it went back on. This was not such a bold move. Customers need to know the truth even if things are in turmoil. Giving them false assurances and going back on your word only breeds dissatisfaction and disloyalty. Critisism may be present when shareholders are hit with the devastating news but the reputation of the company of the company will be

Individual Income Taxes - Tax-Deductible Losses Research Paper

Individual Income Taxes - Tax-Deductible Losses - Research Paper Example Casualty loss is not deductible if the damage or destruction is caused by accidental breaking like glassware, fire that was set willingly and finally a car accident is neglected or willingly act caused it. Keeping adequate records is one of the most important things a taxpayer can avoid a potential IRS audit doesn’t result in any assessment of additional tax, penalties and interests. This method helps you defend yourself against IRS audit. According to the United States internal revenue code, there are certain losses that are considered for tax purposes. This means that the loss can’t be compensated by Insurance and it must be sustained during the taxable year. If the losses are casualty or theft of personal, family, the loss must result from an event that is identifiable, and damaging or unusual nature. Losses incurred in a business or a profit-seeking activity are deductible whether if not they are due to casualty or theft (Pratt & Kulsurd, 2012). Under the current tax laws a casualty loss deduction is allowed if the extent of the loss is not reimbursed by insurance. This law was enacted because of the natural causes that frequently happen and the insurance companies are not fully equipped and able to pay for the massive damages caused. The tax-deductible losses have been modified for years, allowing losses under the tax code. In the 1880s deductions were allowed for losses related to fire and shipwrecks. In the 1990s it covered natural disasters and other casualties and theft. The federal government has responded in so much losses by offering aid to help cover by removing debris and rebuilding areas hit hardest Some people are covered by insurance but the insurance doesn’t cover the entire loss fully, if a tax payer doesn’t have insurance, he/she can be compensate by the federal income tax return for the casualty loss related to disaster.

The Dalit Womens Movement In India

The Dalit Womens Movement In India This paper proposes to look at dalit womens movement (DWM) in India. The dalit womens movement should be analyzed in a relational framework for which we will have to look at the specific history and nature of the Indian nation-state. The other two major movements which have a bearing on DWM are the dalit movement and the womens movement in India. This paper focuses on the DWM particularly the National Federation of dalit women (NFDW). There are a host of regional, state level and national level movements led and participated by dalit women, it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss all these, so I undertake a study of the NFDW, its politics, strategy, ideology, scope and the theoretical perspectives through which it has been analysed. The NFDW is chronologically a post 1980s phenomena and has been active in a transnational arena with its particular presence in Durban 2001, it has been analysed by social scientists in a transnational framework. I have not overlooked the transnational significance of the movement, but, looked at it in a historical context of Indias history and modernity, the place of dalit women and men within this history and how has the history been challenged by dalit women. The main argument put forward by dalit feminists is that dalit women are a different category in their own right and they should not be subsumed within the category of dalits or women as a whole. Dalit feminists have asked both the dalit movements and womens movements in India for an internal critique because both these movements have neither been able to represent dalit women nor paid attention to their specific structural, social and cultural location within Indian society. Indian society is ridden with multiple and overlapping inequalities which affect women in general and dalit women in particular, in different ways. Dalit feminists have also argued for an analysis of patriarchy within dalit communities because of external and internal factors. Dalit women justify the case for talking differently on the basis of external factors (non-dalit forces homogenizing the issue of dalit women) and internal factors (the patriarchal domination within the dalits). (Guru: 1995:2548) The dalit womens movement has a crucial role to play in the analysis of dalit feminist approach because as Chaudhuri points out it is almost impossible to separate the history of action from the history of ideas. In other words the conceptual debates themselves embodied the history of doing, and vice versa. (Chaudhuri: 2004: xi-xii) therefore what constitutes conceptual history, arises in the context of history of doing (Chaudhuri: 2004: xii) The first part explores the historicity of womans question in India, dalit womens participation in early anti-caste movements is established now but they do not figure in the womens movement led by the AIWC as the womens movement started with a group of bourgeois women who believed in homogeneous womanhood. The second part looks at the question of difference and the articulation of this difference by dalit women through what Rege has called the dalit feminist standpoint (DFS), and the further debate around the DFS. The third part looks at the NFDW in particular. The fourth part tries to locate the DWM in different theoretical frameworks which have been put forward to explain the movement locating it in the present national and international scenario. The questions this paper will explore are: Why is it important to see the dalit womens movement as separate from the Indian womens movement and dalit movement in general? What are the main features of dalit womens movement, particularly the NFDW? How the revolving and overlapping axis of caste, class and gender have affected dalit women in particular? The related concepts are: Patriarchy Patriarchy is defined as Literally, rule of the father the term was originally used to describe social systems based on authority of male heads of household. (A dictionary of sociology 2009/1994:551) The nature of control and subjugation of women varies from one society to the other as it differs due to the differences in class, caste, religion, region, ethnicity and the socio-cultural practices. Thus in the context of India, brahmanical patriarchy, tribal patriarchy and dalit patriarchy are different from each other. Patriarchy within a particular caste or class also differs in terms of their religious and regional variations. (Ray: 2006) Mary E. John argues that there are not separate, multiple patriarchies but multiple patriarchies, the products of social discrimination along class, caste and communal lines, are much more shared and overlapping than diverseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the growing disparitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦would tell a different story, one of unequal patriarchies and disparate genders.(John:2004: 66). Gender According to Ann Oakley sex is a biological term: gender a psychological and cultural one further she says if the proper terms for sex are male and female, the corresponding terms for gender are masculine and feminine; these latter may be quite independent of (biological) sex. (Oakley: 1972:159) Dalit Romila Thapar traces the roots of Dalit in Pali literature in which Dalit means the oppressed. (Quoted in Guru and Geetha: 2000) Dalit is not a caste; it is a constructed identityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dalit (oppressed or broken) is not a new word. Apparently, it was used in the 1930s as a Hindi and Marathi translation of depressed classes, a term the British used for what are now called the scheduled castesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The word was also used by B R Ambedkar in his Marathi speeches. The Dalit Panthers revived the term in their 1973 manifestoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Bharati: 2002) However there is a huge and raging debate over the word Dalit among intellectuals. The issues of terminology are complex and cannot be handled in this space, the study proposes to use dalits for the communities also at times called ex-untouchables, ati-shudras, untouchables, scheduled castes, low castes, harijans etc. Dalit women It has been pointed by dalit activists and intellectuals that dalit women suffer the triple burden of caste, class, and gender (Rao:2006), (Rege:1998), (Dietrich:2006), (Omvedt: 2004),(Malik:1999) they have been called the dalits of the dalits , the downtrodden amongst the downtrodden and the the slaves of the slaves.( Manorama quoted in Hardtmann: 2009:217) However such a construction has been challenged by Shirman as fetishising of dalit womens suffering which tend to reify the living social relationships that constitute dalit womens lives, and to locate dalit women as objects of pity. (Shirman: 2004) Social movement A social movement can be thought of as an informal set of individuals and/ or groups that are involved in confliction relations with clearly identified opponents; are linked by dense informal networks; [and] share a distinct collective identity (della Porta Diani, 2006, p. 20). (Christiansen:2011:4) Feminism Kumari Jayawardena defines feminism as embracing movements for equality within the current system and significant struggles that have attempted to change the system. She asserts that these movements arose in the context of i) the formulation and consolidation of national identities which modernized anti-imperialist movements during the independence struggle and ii) the remaking of pre-capitalist religion and feudal structures in attempt to modernize third world societies (Jayawardena, 1986: 2) ( Quoted in Chaudhuri, 2004: xvi). Nation-State Nation, it is clear, is not the same as state. The latter refers to an independent and autonomous political structure over a specific territory, with a comprehensive legal system and a sufficient concentration of power to maintain law and order. State, in other words, is primarily a political-legal concept, whereas nation is primarily psycho-cultural. Nation and state may exist independently of one another: a nation may exist without a state; a state may exist without a nation. When the two coincide, when the boundaries of the state are approximately coterminous with those of the nation, the result is a nation-state. A nation-state, in other words, is a nation that possesses political sovereignty. It is socially cohesive as well as politically organized and independent. (Enloe and Rejai: 1969:143) The space of dalit women in the womens movement and the dalit movement in India. Chaudhuri has observed that the early womens movement comprised of the women from upper caste and class strata who distanced themselves from party politics and confrontational mode of assertion. The theme of woman as an individual in her own right did not crop up till very late. The theme that emerges is the naturally non-antagonistic relationship of the sexes in India as compared to the westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Chaudhuri: 2004:119) Chaudhuri discusses that the All India Womens Congress (AIWC) were in favour of joint electorates and rejected the communal award, women the leading members continued to argue, were all sisters under the sari and the institutions and ideals that governed their lives were similar. (Chaudhuri: 2004:130) Chaudhuri also observes the propensity of gender issues to be dispensable while larger political battles are being fought has been a constant of sorts in the history of modern India. (Chaudhuri: 2011: xv) Throughout the nineteenth century different versions of female emancipation came to be tied to the idea of national liberation and regeneration. The early colonial constellation of the arya woman is a sternly elitist concept in class and caste terms, and finds its nationalist shape in social and political thought, literature and a dominant historiographic model of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the recovery of tradition throughout the proto-nationalist and nationalist period was the recovery of the traditional womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the vedic woman, both in her own time, and after her appropriation by upper castes and classes in the nineteenth century, is built upon the labour of lower social groups and is also a mark of distinction from them.(Sangari and Vaid: 1989:10) Following these historical developments there has been an ambivalence in india towards feminism, Chaudhuri argues that we cannot exclude women who were pushing feminist agendas without calling them feminists because we cannot impose current notions of feminism on the past thereby assuming an ideal notion of the correct kind of feminism. (Chaudhuri: 2004: xvi-xvii) Another question that Chaudhuri points out is the westernnes of feminism and its subsequent perception by feminists in India. She claims that there is no turning away from the westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦questions regarding the westerness of feminism has been a constant theme. In a hierarchical society often gender oppression is linked with oppressions based on caste, class, community, tribe and religion, and in such multiple patriarchies men as the principal oppressors is not easily accepted (Chaudhuri, 2004: xxii-xxiii). Manuela Ciotti in a field study done with BSP and Hindu right women activists in UP has drawn attention to the role played by womens husbands or other male family members, who are often not only responsible for womens release into public life, but also act as a source of advice, experience, encouragement and financial support for their political activities. (Ciotti: 2007) The history to which the dalit womens movement traces itself is of Ambedkar and Phule (both men) whose approach however was (unlike that of the early Indian womens movement) confrontationalist as well as pronouncedly antagonist to brahmanic patriarchy. To Phule and Ambedkar, gender issues were not dispensable. This history also brings to light the fact that dalit women were not historically absent from movements but their history has been neglected until recently. They worked side by side dalit men but they have started to organize separately from dalit men with different movements only post the 1970s. Ambedkar not only spoke for and agitated for the rights of Dalits but also Dalit women. He argued that practices of sati, enforced widowhood and child marriage come to be prescribed by Brahmanism in order to regulate and control any transgression of boundaries, i.e., to say he underlines the fact that the caste system can be maintained only through the controls on womens sexuality and in this sense women are the gateways to the caste system [Ambedkar 1992:90] (Rege: 1998) Meenakshi Moon and Urmila Pawar have recorded the participation of dalit women in the early 20th century movements against caste exclusion and oppression, in the following decades womens activities developed from mere participation as beneficiaries or as an audience, to the shouldering of significant responsibility in various fields of activity in the Ambedkar movement. (Moon and Pawar: 2003:49) Moon and Pawars research has thrown light on the unknown facts of the dalit womens participation in the early anti-caste movements, Dr. Ambedkar saw to it that womens conferences were held simultaneously with those of men. By 1930 women had become so conscious that they started conducting their own meetings and conferences independently. (Moon and Pawar: 2003:50) In the Mahad satyagraha of 1927 women not only participated in the procession with Dr. Ambedkar but also participated in the deliberations of the subject committee meetings in passing resolutions about the claim for equal human rights. (Moon and Pawar: 2003:50) Their research also reveals the experiences they (dalit women) had in the field as well as in the family as mother, wife, daughter; what was the effect on their life of Ambedkars movement and speechesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Moon and Pawar: 2003:53) Even the women who were illiterate subscribed to Ambedkars journals to keep the publications alive. They paid four annas to eight annas when their daily wages were hardly a rupee daily. Some women courted arrest with the men in the satayagrahas. Some had to face beatings from their husbands for participating in the movement. At such times they took their infant babies to jail, some carried all their belongings, even chickens. Taking in consideration the extremely backward social atmosphere the achievements of these women were most commendable. (Moon and Pawar: 2003:54-55) The analyses of dalit womens presence in anti caste struggle has brought out the sharp contrast between their participation in movements and their visibility as leaders and decision makers in political parties or dalit movement itself. Dalit women do not play any important role in the political leadership of maharastra (Zelliot:2006:209) Vimal Thorat laments that Dalit identity politics articulates caste identity sharply but resists, deliberately, understanding and articulating the gender dimensions of caste itself (that sees all women not just Dalit women) in a certain lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The Dalit movement has thrown up so many women but articulate women are not invited by Dalit forums, especially the political parties. (Thorat: 2001) The question she asks is Forty years after the Dalit movement, where is the womens share? (Hamari bhagyadari kahan hai?) (Thorat: 2001) Ruth Manorama is of the view that dalit women have to challenge dalit men to reah the leading posts within their own movement. She explains that dalit men have been discriminated throughout their lives by high caste men as well as high caste women. The dalit men now are scared of dalit women and think that they are the same as the high caste women. Now when they have finally grasped the leadership positions they will not part from them. You have to understand them. (Hardtmann: 2009:219) Dietrich argues that while womens movements downplay the caste factor and emphasize unity among women as victims of violence, dalit movements see such violence only from a caste angle and subsume the dalit women within dalits in general.( Dietrich:2006:57) Many Dalit intellectuals deny the persistence of brahmanic patriarchy among the dalits, Kancha Ilaiah admits that patriarchy exists among the dalits, but he compares it to Brahmin patriarchy and contends that it is less oppressive the man woman relations among the dalitBahujan are far more democratic. (Ilaiah: 2006:88) Dalit womens assertion of difference Gopal Guru in dalit women talk differently has posed faith in the new politics of difference that the dalit women have expressed through the formation of the National Federation of Dalit Women (NFDW). Guru brings out the facts that such difference is necessary if dalit women want to fight patriarchy which is external and internal. Other factors that he points out are caste factor does not get adequate recognition in the analysis done by non-dalit, middle-class, urbanised women activists. (Guru: 1995:2548) And the claim for womens solidarity at both national and global levels subsumes contradictions that exist between high caste and dalit women. (Guru: 1995:2548) Rege also points to the trend of the left party-based womens organizations collapsing caste into class, and the autonomous womens groups collapsing caste into sisterhood, both leaving Brahmanism unchallenged. (Rege: 1998) The social and material conditions of dalit women are different and they cannot uncritically ally themselves with larger feminist politics because of the same, so feminists like Rege have called it the dalit feminist standpoint (DFS). (Rege: 1998) The DFS according to Rege analyses what divides women, what unites them but does not unite them easily. As a standpoint located in the material practices of dalit womens lives it rejects a dichotomisation of the material and cultural which equates the material to environmental degradation and brahmanism to the cultural. Brahmanical patriarchies and caste-specific patriarchies are material in their determination of the access to resources, the division of labour the sexual division of labour and division of sexual labour. (Rege: 2000) Criticizing Rege, Chaya Datar argues that Rege has ignored ecofeminism which actually talks about the position of dalit women in society and the exploitation of women as well as the environment and natural degradation. In Datars view the dalit womens movement may not be part of narrow identity politics, insofar as it does not talk of the materiality of the majority of dalit, marginalised women who lose their livelihoods because of environmental degradation but focuses its struggle mainly against brahminical symbols, it cannot aspire to revisioning of society. It cannot become more emancipatory than the present womens movement. (Datar: 1999) According to Anupama Rao dalitbahujan feminists have gone further than merely arguing that Indian feminism is incomplete and exclusive. Rather, they are suggesting that we rethink the genealogy of Indian feminism in order to engage meaningfully with dalit womens difference from the ideal subjects of feminist politics. (Rao: 2006:2-3) Bela Malik argues that a purely dalit or a purely feminist movement cannot adequately help dalit women. (Malik: 1999) she further states that those who have been actively involved with organizing women encounter difficulties that are nowhere addressed in a theoretical literature whose foundational principles are derived from a smattering of normative theories of rights, liberal political theory, an ill-formulated left politics and more recently, occasionally, even a well-intentioned doctrine of entitlements. Kannabiran and Kannabiran(1991) have pointed to how the deadlock between kshatriya and dalit men caused by dalit agricultural labourer women dressing well could be solved only by a decision taken by men of both the communities. It was decided that women of either community would not be allowed to step into each others locations. The sexual assault on dalit women has been used as a common practice for under-mining the manhood of the caste. Some dalit male activists did argue that in passing derogatory remarks about upper caste girls (in incidents such as Chanduru) dalit men were only getting their own back. The emancipatory agenda of the dalit and womens movements will have to be sensitive to these issues and underline the complex interphase between caste and gender as structuring hierarchies in society. (Rege: 1998) The notion of the dalit women as more free and mobile has been taken up by feminists, the arguments have been that although dalit women are vocal and fight their husbands back, they are not under the ideology of husband worship but they face collective threat of physical harm from upper caste forces all the time. (Dietrich: 2006:58), also (Rege: 1998). Kumkum Sangari opines that patriarchies function and persist not only because they are embedded in the social stratification, division of labour, political structure, cultural practices but also because of consent by women. (Sangari: 1996:17) T.P-Vetschera in his study of Dalit women in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra points out to the element of consent by quoting the Dalit women themselves our men dont treat us as badly as animals, this means that they are good'. Women feel that suffering (is) an essential part of a womans life and nothing could be done about it. (P-Vetschera: 1996:246) T.P-Vetscheras study points out that the Mahars have experienced social mobility and in the region caste repression is not so bad. However the lives of Mahar women are full of daily struggles with burgeoning amount of work within and outside home. Their husbands dont help them and they have to cope with clichà ©s which configure them as lazy and having loose morals. (P-Vetschera: 1996:238) They are frequent victims of violence at the hands of their husbands. Some of them are victims of rape and sexual exploitation by high caste men. (P-Vetschera: 1996:239) Sanskritisation or reference group behavior has reined havoc on the freedom and position earlier enjoyed by dalit women in dalit community. (P-Vetschera: 1996:257). A dangerous mixture of tradition and modernity combines not to stop or minimize the exploitation of dalit women but only gives it a new avatar. The National Federation of dalit women (NFDW) Tracing the issues at stake in the post Mandal-Masjid phase of the womens movement, Rege has argued that the assertion of dalit womens voices in the 1990s brings up significant issues for the revisioning of feminist politics. (Rege: 1998). The revival of the womens movement in india came with the new womens movement in the 1970s.Dalit womens activists however, see this movement as a continuation of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Hindu caste reform tradition.(Hardtmann: 2009:215) They consider the feminist theory developed by non-dalit women as unauthentic since it does not capture their reality. This comprehension gets clearly reflected in the 12- point agenda adopted by the NFDW and in several papers presented by the dalit women at the Maharashtra Dalit Womens Conference held in Pune in May 1995. Dalit women define the concept of dalit strictly in caste terms, refuting the claim of upper caste women to dalithood. Dalit women activists quote Phule and Ambedkar to invalidate the attempt to a non-dalit woman to don dalit identity. (Guru: 1995:2549) In the second half of the 1980s, dalit women came to express a need for a separate platform within the broader womens movement. In the 1987 the first dalit womens national meeting, dalit womens struggles and aspirations, was held in Bangalore. About 200 women from the south of India, but also from Delhi, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and west Bengal are said to have attended. This was the beginning of a national network of dalit women which on the 11 august 1995 formed the NFDW. (Guru: 1995:2548-9) (Hardtmann: 2009:215) Three years later some women from NFDW took part in the formation of the national campaign on dalit human rights (NCDHR). (Hardtmann: 2009:216) It is important to note, however, that even if they have organized separately from dalit men, they tried to work in collaboration with them in the NCDHR. NCDHR was officially launched on World Human Rights Day, 10 December 1998; it links dozens of formerly isolated Dalit civil society organizations in fourteen Indian states. (Bob: 2007:179) The NFDW was instrumental in organizing dalit women for the world conference against racism held in Durban in 2001. Dalit activists argued that caste oppression was like race oppression because both were discriminations based on work and descent. This has been a matter of debate in India as well as globally now and the NFDW supported this claim. The World Conference against Racism held at Durban in 2001 and the process that led to the WCAR in India witnessed the freeing of caste from the confines of India into a larger international arena that held out greater possibilities for public debate, alliance building and more powerful resistance. (Kannabiran: 2006) This meant that not only did the dalit movement and questions related to SC become known internationally, but international focus, to a large extent, came to be placed on the situation of SC women. (Hardtmann: 2009:215) The manifesto of NFDW reads: NFDW endeavours to seek and build alliances with all other progressive and democratic movements and forces, in particular the womens movement and the wider Dalit movement at the national level. It thus aspires in a significant way to widen the democratic spaces while at the same time to create and preserve its identity and specificity. This framework will enable the Dalit womens movement to seek the roots of its oppression, the diversities, the nature of changes, if any, in specific regions and historical contexts and in particular, perceive the varied levels of consciousness that exist within it. Source, (Kannabiran: 2006) In the context of the caste and race debate The NFDW focused on the specific interpretation of civil and political rights, the recognition of productive contribution to society in terms of equality, dignity, fair wages and popular perception, the guarantee of security of person and freedom from the threat of sexual and physical assault, right to freedom of religion in a context where conversion for a better life resulted in denial of protections and the right to leadership a claim pitted against non-dalit men, dalit men and non dalit women. (Kannabiran: 2006) Drawing on the definition of racial discrimination in Article 1 of the CERD, the NFDW asserted in the Durban process that discrimination based on caste is indeed a specific form of racism, intertwined with gender since Dalit women face targeted violence from state actors and powerful members of dominant castes and community especially in the case of rape, mutilation and death; they face discrimination in the payment of unequal wages and gender violence at the workplace that includes fields [as agricultural labourers], on the streets [as manual scavengers and garbage pickers], in homes [as domestic workers], and through religious customà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' (Kannabiran: 2006) The charter of rights of dalit women, formulated in 1999, and christened the Delhi Declaration sets out the guiding principles of dalit womens rights. It declares that dalits are one of the indigenous peoples of India, who as a people are sovereign, with a distinct identity, history, culture and religionSignificantly, dalit women in this charter declared solidarity in the common cause of womens rights in India and the world at large for the establishment of gender partnership in an egalitarian society. (Kannabiran: 2006) Theoretical approaches It is difficult to explain the dalit womens movement with the help of any one of the given theoretical perspectives, because of the particular context in which DWM is located and the specific historical trajectory it has followed; feminist movements in general have been theorized as new social movements (NSM), however the NSM perspective cannot explain DWM until some context based facts are taken in account. The DWM as separate from the dalit movement and the NFDW in particular is chronologically a new phenomena, the movement has been analysed in relation to the current world order. The womens movement, the dalit movement, the dalit womens movement and Feminism in India has to be situated within the particular history of colonialism, nationalism, modernity, nation-state, and presently the global world order with global institutions like the IMF, the World Bank and the United Nations. Feminism in India cannot be isolated from the broader framework of an unequal international world. (Chaudhuri: 2004: xv) Chaudhuri has argued that we should look at the Indian nation-states entry in modernity to understand the womens question in India. Indias entrance to modernity was facilitated by the colonial state and the very construction of modern bourgeois domesticity itself can be discerned in the nineteenth century social reform movement. (Chaudhuri: 2011: x) The social reform movement focused on the high caste-class women as subjects and as well as symbols for Indian tradition has been made clear by Vaid and Sangari (1989). In the context of DWM it becomes crucial to understand gender as a relational term (John 2004) (Hardtmann 2009). Johns question is that how then, should one look at the gendered relations between men and women from the exploited sections of societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Hardtmann: 2009:209) John has commented that the stereotype of associating women with the inside private sphere and men as a general category with the outside world of economic and political powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is very misleading (Hardtmann: 2009:209) because such power is in fact in the hands of a very few men, who are upper caste and Hindu, and middle or upper class, and who may constitute no more than 10 percent of the male population. (John 2004b:253) (Hardtmann: 2009:209) Arguing in the vein of John, Hartmann argues that the world bank, the Indian state, and international corporations agree that one solution to the economic problems of SCs in the Indian society is that poor women enter the private spheres as entrepreneurs. Her question is why poor women and poor men. The implicit assumption of these institutions is that dalit men are economically irresponsible in relation to their families. They are deprived of their so called male responsibility, and as a result they are devoid of constructing their masculinity associated with respect. Women are supported to enter the economic sphere, but when they on the other hand reach an economic position, like Mayawati, they are pictured as immoral and deprived of constructing a so-called femininity, valued and respected in Indian society. (Hardtmann: 2009:225) To invoke Johns pithy description, the thrifty and diligent women are pitted solely against their unruly men. (Chaudhuri: 2011: xxxix) Who are seen as bad subjects of modernity. (Chaudhuri: 2011: xxxix) Hartdmann suggests that to dalit men and women, oppression is not a question of ascribed gender identities in a heteronormative society, rather dalit men and women are not ascribed gender identities, but on the opposite prevented from constructing gender identities related to a neoliberal economic order in the Indian society, where traditional gender roles are clearly defined. (Hardtmann: 2009:225) The DWM traces its origins and ideology to Ambedkar. Ambedkars faith lay in the state as a redeemer of the injustices of the Indian societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Rao: 2003:24)